Author of this site: Gavin Udstuen MD, Associate Professor of Neuroradiology and Medical Director of Outpatient Imaging, University of Cincinnati Physicians, UC Health, University of Cincinnati.

These cases are geared toward radiologists and trainees. They may be helpful in preparation for examinations or for tailoring of knowledge and interpretive skills. The images and discussions contain features and terminology that are not targeted to those without medical background and training.

Last update: 4/13/2021 with many new cases. Please note that cases 1-150 contain some "old school" imaging- no FLAIR sequence, conventional arteriograms in cases that now get CTA, inclusion of PDWI imaging, etc. obtained prior to 2000. Most of the cases after 150 are circa 2010 or newer.

These cases are limited to the pertinent images, presented in quiz mode below. Please click on a case and think about the findings and diagnosis, then click at the bottom for the answer and brief discussion. The cases are also organized by category for more targeted review. I have not been able to find the time to complete discussions and differentials on the last few hundred cases. Click here or scroll to the bottom of this page for a complete list of cases by category and diagnosis.    
 

  -Vascular
            -ACA aneurysm
            -ruptured ACOM aneurysm with corpus callosum hematoma
            -Azygous ACA
            -Delayed L MCA aneurysm rupture
            -Carotid terminus aneurysm
            -L ICA aneurysm, initial neg angio
            -L PCOM w active extrav
            -SDH with PCOM aneurysm
            -IVH with PCOM aneurysm
            -IVH with PCOM aneurysm 2
            -unruptured R PCOM aneurysm
            -Giant petrous-cavernous aneurysm
            -Basilar aneurysm with fenestration
            -Basilar aneurysm- coiled
            -Basilar aneurysms- complex
            -Basilar Aneurysm- Ruptured
            -Basilar artery thrombosis
            -Basilar artery thrombosis 2
            -Basilar artery thrombosis 3
            -Pericallosal aneurysm
            -Thrombosed PTA Aneurysm
            -Mycotic aneurysm
            -Mycotic aneurysm2
            -Posttraumatic ACA pseudoaneurysm
            -Internal maxillary pseudoaneurysm
            -Dissecting VB aneurysm
            -PICA aneurysm
            -carotid terminus vascular malformation
            -CCF
            -Direct CCF
            -Direct CCF 2
            -Dural AV fistula- transvenous coil
            -Dural AV fistula- cavernous
            -Dural AVF 3
            -AVM
            -posterior fossa AVM w PICA aneurysm
            -epidural AVM
            -pial AVM
            -Cavernoma1
            -Cavernoma2
            -Cavernoma3
            -Cavernoma4
            -cavernomas and DVA
            -cavernoma and DVA 2
            -cavernoma and DVA 3
            -cavernoma pontine w acute hemorrhage
            -cavernoma 5
              -Cavernous hemangioma of orbit
            -Right ICA stenosis with ischemic changes
            -R A2 thrombosis w ACA infarct
            -MCA infarction
            -MCA infarction2
            -MCA infarction- dot sign
            -MCA infarction- dot sign
            -R M1 occlusion
            -Acute bilateral MCA infarcts
            -MCA infarct w penumbra
            -L MCA infarct w invalid perfusion data
            -R MCA infarct w perfusion
            -B MCA infarcts
            -motor strip infarction
            -Hemorrhagic cerebellar infarction
            -PICA infarct R VA occlusion
            -Subacute infarct
            -Subacute hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
            -Moya Moya Disease
            -Moya Moya Disease 2
            -Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis
            -Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis2
            -Dural sinus thrombosis with hemorrhagic venous infarcts
            -Dural Sinus Thrombosis
            -Dural Sinus Thrombosis 2
            -Dural Sinus Thrombosis 3
            -Dural Sinus Thrombosis 4 with T1 shortening on MRV
            -Straight sinus thrombosis
            -Falcine sinus thrombosis
            -DVA with CVA
            -Capillary telangiectasia with DVA
            -Capillary telangiectasia
            -Laminar necrosis
            -Anoxic brain injury
            -Anoxic brain injury2
            -CADASIL 1
            -CADASIL 2
            -Thoracic outlet syndrome
              -Vein of galen malformation
              -Jugular Diverticulum
            -Hypertensive encephalopathy
            -PRES
            -PRES 2
            -PRES 3
            -PRES 4
            -PRES with hemorrhage and infarcts
            -Fibromuscular dysplasia
            -ACA vasculitis
            -Primary CNS vasculitis
            -severe atherosclerotic disease with multifocal stenosis
            -Spinal DAVF
            -Spinal cord infarction
            -type 2 glomus AVM spinal cord
            -type 2 glomus AVM spinal cord 2
              -Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

   -Inflammatory/Demyelinating/Infectious
           -herpes encephalitis
           -atypical herpes encephalitis
           -HSV encephalitis 2
           -abscess
           -abscess2
           -abscess3
           -abscess4
           -abscess5
           -ventriculitis
           -ventriculitis2
           -thalamic abscess and ventriculitis
           -multiple abscesses and ventriculitis
           -temporal lobe abscess due to mastoiditis
           -meningoencephalitis and empyema
           -suppurative adenitis
           -SLE reactive adenopathy
           -septic emboli
           -toxoplasmosis
           -toxoplasmosis2
           -meningitis with mastoiditis
           -Idiopathic Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis
           -laryngopyocele
           -mucormycosis
           -periapical cyst
           -Cholesterol Cyst
           -bilateral cholesterol granulomas
           -orbital pseudotumor
           -orbital pseudotumor2
           -orbital pseudotumor3
           -sarcoid1
           -sarcoid2
           -sarcoid3
           -sarcoid4
           -sarcoid5
           -sarcoid6
           -sarcoid7
           -sarcoid orbit
           -thyroid related orbital disease
           -Wegener's granulomatosis dural
           -Reidel's thyroiditis
           -Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
           -Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
           -ADEM 2
           -ADEM 3
           -CIDP
           -AIDP
             -cryptococcal meningitis
             -bacterial meningitis
             -meningoencephalitis
             -Subdural Empyemas
             -Listeria Meningitis with Vasculitis
             -malignant (necrotizing) otitis externa
             -Sphenoid Polyps
             -frontal sinus mucocele
             -maxillary sinus mucocele
             -antrochoanal polyp
             -OMU pattern obstructive sinusitis
             -invasive fungal sinusitis
             -Chronic maxillary sinusitis, odontogenic origin
             -odontogenic abscess
              -dentigerous cyst w oral antral fistula
              -dentigerous cyst w oral antral fistula 2
             -Lyme Disease
              -progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
              -progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 2
              -progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 3
               -Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy             
               -optic neuritis due to MS
              -active MS +DWI no enhancement
              -Multiple Sclerosis, spinal cord with active lesion
              -Susac Syndrome
              -tumefactive demyelination
              -tumefactive demyelination 2
              -tumefactive demyelination 3
              -neuromyelitis optica
              -neuromyelitis optica 2
              -neuromyelitis optica 3
              -PML-IRIS
              -encephalitis NOS, ?IRIS
              -lupus cerebritis
              -cysticercosis
              -racemose cysticercosis
              -cysticercosis3
              -acute parotitis
              -acute parotitis 2
              -neck phlegmon
              -calcific longus colli tendonitis
              -vertebral osteomyelitis
              -discitis osteomyelitis epidural phlegmon
              -cervical discitis/osteomyelitis
              -septic facet disease
              -spinal osteomyelitis without discitis
              -thoracic epidural abscess
              -epidural abscess 2
              -lumbar epidural abscess
              -blastomycosis spondylitis
              -osteomyelitis, temporal bone
              -Central Skull Base Osteomyelitis
              -Labyrinthitis Ossificans
              -Meniere's Disease
              -Myringosclerosis
              -sphenoid sinus mucocele
              -TB adenitis
              -Histoplasmosis Supraclavicular
              -cryptococcal meningitis
              -cryptococcosis
              -zygomycetes encephalitis

    -Neoplastic
            -intraaxial
                -hemangioblastoma
                -hemangioblastoma2
                -hemangioblastoma IV recurrence
                -hemangioblastoma vHL
                -hemangioblastoma 4
                -lymphoma1
                -lymphoma2
                -lymphoma3
                -lymphoma4
                -lymphoma5
                -lymphoma6
                -lymphoma 7 intraventricular
                -lymphoma 8
                -lymphoma 9
                -secondary CNS lymphoma
                -perivascular lymphoma
                -CNS lymphoma HIV periventricular
                -orbit lymphoma secondary CNS
                -lymphoma DLBCL
                -IAC B cell lymphoma
                -Metastatic Choriocarcinoma
                -subependymoma
                -GBM
                -GBM corpus callosum
                -GBM corpus callosum 2
                -GBM w subependymal
                -GBM intraventricular recurrence
                -GBM perivascular recurrence
                -multicentric GBM
                -GBM spine w CSF dissemination
                -recurrent GBM w uncal herniation
                -recurrent GBM, corpus callosum
                -GBM left frontal
                -Recc GBM Avastin
                -Recc GBM dural
                -GC with GBM trans
                -glioma/gliomatosis cerebri
                -gliomatosis cerebri
                -gliomatosis cerebri2
                -multifocal GBM
                -GBM recurrence, dissemination
                -GBM well circumscribed
                -GBM recurrence, with dural sinus thrombosis
                -GBM recurrence,subarachnoid
                -Gliosarcoma
                -oligodendroglioma
                -oligodendroglioma 2
                -pontine glioma
                -Gliosarcoma
                -central neurocytoma
                -central neurocytoma2
                -central neurocytoma3
                -grade 2 neurocytoma
                -subependymoma
                -subependymoma 2
                -choroid plexus papilloma
                -Astrocytoma
                -pilocytic astrocytoma
                -pilocytic astrocytoma2
                -pilocytic astrocytoma suprasellar
                -pilocytic astrocytoma 4
                -grade 2 astrocytoma
                -grade 2 astrocytoma 2
                -grade 2 astrocytoma 3
                -anaplastic astrocytoma
                -anaplastic astrocytoma2
                -grade 3 astrocytoma
                -grade 3 astrocytoma 2
                -grade 3 astrocytoma 3
                -grade 3 astrocytoma 4
                -grade 3 astrocytoma IV recurrence
                -medulla astrocytoma
                -anaplastic oligodendroglioma
                -spinal cord astrocytoma
                -spinal cord astrocytoma pilocytic
                -PNET
                -RGNT
                -trilateral retinoblastoma
                -Lhermitte Duclos
                -ganglioglioma
                -ganglioglioma 2
                -ganglioglioma 3
                -DNET
                -DNET2
                -DNET3 cerebellum
                -DNET4
                -tectal glioma
                -hamartoma of tuber cinereum
                -diffuse metastases, occult on noncon CT
                -metastatic choriocarcinoma
                -metastatic small cell lung
                -Metastatic Melanoma
                -Metastatic Melanoma IV
                -metastatic melanoma w IVH
                -metastatic melanoma 3
                -intramedullary metastasis, lung
                -metastatic disease
                -metastatic disease 2
                -metastatic goblet cell
                -metastatic breast dural and skull
                -LC breast
                -LC breast 2
                -LC breast 3
                -epidural and LC lung
                -spine and LC lung
                -LC melanoma
                -LC melanoma spine
                -Met breast vs BRONJ
                -germinoma
                -germinoma2
                -embryonal carcinoma pineal

            -extraaxial
                -dermoid1
                -dermoid2
                -chordoma1
                -chordoma2
                -chordoma3
                -squamous cell carcinoma, clivus
                -ependymoma
                -ependymoma grade 2
                -pineocytoma
                -epidermoid1
                -epidermoid2
                -epidermoid3
                -epidermoid4
                -epidermoid recurrent
                -epidermoid recurrent 2
                -epidermoid 5
                -epidermoid 6
                -epidermoid 7
                -carotid body tumor
                -glomus tympanicum
                -facial schwannoma
                -Meningioma 1
                -Meningioma 2
                -Meningioma 3
                -Meningioma 4
                -Meningioma 5
                -malignant grade 3 meningioma
                -Hemangiopericytoma
                -Meningioma, Olfactory groove and Planum
                -Meningioma, optic nerve sheath
                -lipoblastic meningioma
                -intraventricular meningioma
                -V2 schwannoma
                -5th nerve schwannoma
                -IAC schwannoma
                -Cochlear schwannoma
                -Schwannoma thoracic
                -C3 foraminal/extraforaminal schwannoma
                -spinal hemangiopericytoma
                -T10 lymphoma
                -multifocal spinal lymphoma
                -met lung calvarial
                -met cholangio spine
                -ewing sarcoma
          -sellar/suprasellar
                -craniopharyngioma1
                -craniopharyngioma2
                -craniopharyngioma3
                -craniopharyngioma4
                -craniopharyngioma5
                -craniopharyngioma6
                -pituitary adenoma 1
                -pituitary adenoma 2
                -pituitary adenoma 3 infrasellar
                -pituitary adenoma with hemorrhage
                -pituitary adenoma ectopic
                -pituitary adenoma recurrent
            -other neoplasms
                -amelanotic melanoma
                -extraocular orbital melanoma
                -ocular melanoma
                -orbital lymphoma
                -orbital lymphoma2
                -orbital metastases, breast cancer
                -orbital hemangiopericytoma
                -orbital hemangiopericytoma 2
                -esthesioneuroblastoma
                -chondrosarcoma
                -chondrosarcoma larynx2
                -chondrosarcoma larynx 3
                -chondrosarcoma 3
                -chondroblastic oestosarcoma face
                 -rhabdomyosarcoma
                 -glomus jugulare
                 -paraganglioma
                 -paraganglioma 2
                 -paraganglioma 3
                -cholesteatoma
                -cholesteatoma2
                -cholesteatoma 3
                -cholesteatoma 4
                -cholesteatoma EAC and MOE
                -cholesteatoma 5
                -cholesteatoma 6
                -EAC osteoma
                -EAC fibro-osteoma
                -benign glomangioma
                -inverting papilloma
                -inverting papilloma 2
                -inverting papilloma 3
                -ethmoid osteoma
                -angiofibroma
                -nasal hemangiopericytoma
                -nasal SCC
                -spindle cell sarcoma
                -schwannoma
                -osteosarcoma, mandible
                -ameloblastoma
                -ameloblastoma2
                -ameloblastoma3
                -ameloblastoma4
                -ameloblastoma5
                -odontogenic myxoma
                -odontogenic myxoma 2
                -odontogenic keratocyst 1
                -odontogenic keratocyst 2
                -tongue cancer with mets
                -tonsil cancer
                -tongue cancer w bilateral nodes
                -occult tonsil SCC
                -T4 subglottic SCCA
                -SCC oropharynx
                -preepiglottic SCCA
                -T4 laryngeal SCCA
                -SCC frontal sinus
                -HN cancer extracapsular nodes
                -maxillary squamous cell carcinoma
                -adenoid cystic carcinoma
                -Minor salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma
                -esthesioneuroblastoma
                -Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
                -perineural tumor spread
                -perineural tumor spread 2
                -perineural tumor spread 3
                -SCC with PNTS
                -SCC with PNTS 2
                -Adenoid cystic carcinoma with recurrence and PNTS
                -SNUC with PNTS
                -SCC EAC
                -SCC ex IP
                -basal cell carcinoma
                -lung cancer, vocal cord paralysis
                -nodal mets, follicular thyroid cancer
                -Pleomorphic Adenoma Hard palate
                -Warthin's tumor
                -Warthin's tumor2
                -Warthin's tumor 3
                -myoepithelial rich pleo
                -benign mixed tumor deep lobe parotid
                -Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
                -Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
                -lymphoma, submandibular gland
                -thyroid liposarcoma
                -thyroid lymphoma
                -thyroid lymphoma 2
                -thyroid lymphoma 3
                -thyroid cancer w nodal mets
                -medullary thyroid cancer
                -verrucous carcinoma
                -benign chondro-osseous neoplasm neck
                -TMJ mass ?GCT
                -nasal lymphoma
                -spinal cord hemangioblastoma
                -ABC cervical
                -Aggressive hemangioma thoracic
                -pleomorphic adenoma2
                -pleomorphic adenoma

        -Congenital
            -lissencephaly
            -schizencephaly
            -schizencephaly3
            -open schizencephaly
            -closed lipped schizencephaly
            -unilateral perisylvian syndrome
            -hemimegalencephaly
            -septo-optic dysplasia
            -Ruptured Dermoid
            -Suprasellar Dermoid
            -Dermoid 3 CPA
            -Mature nasopharyngeal teratoma
            -callosal agenesis
            -callosal agenesis, migrational anomaly, Dandy-Walker variant
            -band heterotopia
            -band heterotopia and AVM
            -Congenital Pedicle Duplication
            -Congenital Pedicle Absence
            -Congenital atlanto-occipital fusion with widened ADI
            -persistent trigeminal artery1
            -persistent trigeminal artery2
            -aberrant internal carotid
            -persistent hypoglossal artery
            -aberrant RVA from arch
            -AICA from ICA
            -PICA from ECA
            -kissing carotids
            -internal carotid agenesis
            -ophthalmic origin from middle meningeal artery
            -jugular bulb dehiscence
            -3rd branchial cleft cyst
            -Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
            -2nd branchial cleft cyst
            -Mondini Malformation with Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome
            -Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome
            -Colloid cyst 1
            -Colloid cyst 2
            -Colloid cyst and meningioma
            -Colloid cyst and hippocampal infarcts
            -Dentigerous Cyst
            -Hemorrhagic pineal cyst
            -Rathke's Cleft cyst
            -Rathke's Cleft cyst 2
             -Chiari I malformation
            -Chiari II malformation
            -Chiari II malformation2
            -Chiari II malformation3
            -Chiari III malformation3
            -callosal agenesis with lipoma
            -Corpus Callosum Hypoplasia and lipoma
            -lipoma
            -intramedullary lipoma
            -Cistern Lipoma
            -lipomyelocele
            -complex spinal fusion anomalies
            -butterfly vertebra, aortic dissection
            -colpocephaly
            -plexiform neurofibroma (NF1)
            -optic glioma (NF1)
            -Neurofibromatosis type 2
            -Neurofibromatosis type 2(2)
            -Neurofibromatosis type 2(3)
            -Neurofibromatosis type 2(4)
            -Tuberous Sclerosis
            -Tuberous Sclerosis 2
            -Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 3
            -Fragile X Ataxia
            -hamartoma amygdala
            -Sturge Weber Syndrome
            -Sturge Weber Syndrome2
            -Sturge Weber variant
            -Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
            -Fahr's Disease
            -rhombencephalosynapsis
            -fibrous dysplasia1
            -fibrous dysplasia2
            -platybasia and basilar invagination
            -occult occipital encephalocele
            -venolymphatic malformation, orbit
            -ectopic neurohypophysis

       -Trauma
            -skull fxs
            -dissection1
            -dissection2
            -B vertebral dissection
            -dissection with acute stroke
            -grade 4 ICA dissection
            -LVA Pseudoaneurysm
            -CTA brain dead
            -long t bone fx with IM dislocation
            -long t bone fx with IM dislocation 2
            -nasoethmoid encephalocele (acquired)
            -shear
            -multiple injuries
            -severe head injury
            -isodense SDH
            -acute on chronic SDH
            -acute SDH w edema
            -mult shears
            -DAI
            -subacute hemorrhagic contusions
            -fornix shear
            -EDH
            -EDH with active extrav
            -nonreducible TMJ disc dislocation
            -foraminal soft disc extrusion
            -cervical intradural disc extrusion
            -lumbar sequestered disc extrusion
            -Hirayama's Disease
            -Hirayama's Disease 2
            -lumbar SDH
            -occipital condyle fracture with widened AO joint
            -spinal cord transection
            -C5 flexion teardrop fracture
            -C5 burst fracture w VA dissection
            -tooth 8 fracture
            -diving ranula
            -burn injuries
            -distraction injuries C1-2 and C6-7
            -distraction injuries thoracic
            -distraction injuries thoracic and cervical with L1 burst
            -perched facets
            -C6-7 with facet perch/lock
            -C2 fracture with rotatory subluxation, RVA occlusion
            -C2 Hangman's fx
            -fixed rotatory subluxation C1-2
            -complex tsp fx/disloc
            -C7 fx w cord contusion and hemorrhage
            -cystic myelomalacia
            -cystic myelomalacia 2
            -reducible TMJ disc dislocation
            -TMJ disc posterior subluxation
            -traumatic ACA pseudoaneurysm

        -Degenerative/Metabolic/Other
            -CO poisoning
            -chronic hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
            -anoxic injury-electrocution
            -cerebral edema
            -cerebral edema 2
            -heroin toxicity/anoxia
            -combustible heroin toxicity leukoencephalopathy
            -heroin toxicity
            -hypertrophic olivary degeneration
            -secondary hyperparathyroidism
            -amyloid2
            -CNS Amyloidoma
            -MERS
            -extensive prominent PVS w gliosis
            -superficial siderosis1
            -superficial siderosis2
            -superficial siderosis3
            -cerebral edema
            -liver disease
            -5 FU toxicity
            -BRONJ
            -BRONJ 2
            -CAPNON
            -CAPNON 2
            -CAPNON 3
            -laryngocele
            -dural fibrosis after shunt placement
            -otosclerosis w stapes prosthesis
            -otosclerosis w obliterative disease
            -otosclerosis
            -otosclerosis2
            -otosclerosis3
            -otosclerosis4
            -otosclerosis5
            -otosclerosis6
            -otosclerosis7
            -Osteoid Osteoma
            -semicircular canal dehiscence
            -semicircular canal dehiscence 2
            -CWD with stapes prosthesis extrusion
            -CWD with lateral SCC fistula
            -Wernicke's syndrome
            -Adrenoleukodystrophy
            -Leigh Disease
            -Huntington's Disease
            -PSP
            -extrapontine myelinolysis
            -central pontine myelinolysis
            -langerhans cell histiocytosis (EG) of orbit
            -intracranial hypotension
            -spontaneous intracranial hypotension
            -intracranial hypotension
            -intracranial hypotension 2
            -intracranial hypotension 3
            -SIH w cortical venous thrombosis
            -idiopathic intracranial hypertension
            -idiopathic intracranial hypertension 2
            -Wallerian degeneration
            -Multisystem Atrophy
            -FTLD
            -Olivopontocerebellar Degeneration
            -Porencephalic cyst
            -ventral cord herniation
            -ventral cord herniation2
            -synovial cyst
            -synovial cyst 2
            -posterolateral epidural disc extrusion
            -posterolateral epidural disc extrusion 2
            -L5-S1 disc herniation resolves
            -foraminal disc extrusion
            -large disc extrusion
            -subarticular neural compression
            -neuropathic spondyloarthropathy
            -postictal signal changes
            -postictal signal changes 2
            -surgical site dehiscence with pneumocephalus
            -bilateral mesial temporal sclerosis
            - mesial temporal sclerosis 2
            - mesial temporal sclerosis 3
            - mesial temporal sclerosis 4
            -mesial temporal sclerosis